Embedding Shift between Photographs and Generated People

Authors

  • Robert Walker Author
  • Blake Mitchell Author
  • Dylan Campbell Author

Abstract

An identity embedding validated on photographs may behave differently on generated video. A change in its similarity distribution can reflect altered visual content, unfamiliar rendering, or an actual change of subject. This article proposes a transfer assessment that separates those possibilities using independent judgments and recorded acquisition conditions. ARGUS supplies the motivating generation setting. No embeddings are computed here. The resulting design treats photographic validation as relevant background while requiring direct evidence for the interpretation of scores on generated people.

References

  1. Meng, Zijie, et al. "Argus: Stacked multi-view identity mosaic injection for subject-preserving video generation." arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.11670 (2026).
  2. White, Halbert. “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica, vol. 48, no. 4, 1980, pp. 817–838. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934.
  3. Cameron, A. Colin, and Douglas L. Miller. “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference.” Journal of Human Resources, vol. 50, no. 2, 2015, pp. 317–372. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.2.317.
  4. Greenland, Sander, Judea Pearl, and James M. Robins. “Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Research.” Epidemiology, vol. 10, no. 1, 1999, pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008.
  5. Benjamini, Yoav and Yosef Hochberg. “Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1995, pp. 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.
  6. Roberts, David R., et al. “Cross-validation strategies for data with temporal, spatial, hierarchical, or phylogenetic structure.” Ecography, vol. 40, no. 8, 2017, pp. 913-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02881.
  7. Varma, Sudhir and Richard Simon. “Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection.” BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-91.
  8. Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship." Scientific Data, vol. 3, 2016, article 160018. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
  9. Sculley, D., et al. "Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 28, 2015. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2015/hash/86df7dcfd896fcaf2674f757a2463eba-Abstract.html
  10. Bland, J. Martin, and Douglas G. Altman. "Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement." The Lancet, vol. 327, no. 8476, 1986, pp. 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8.
  11. Guo, Chuan, Geoff Pleiss, Yu Sun, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. “On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks.” Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR, vol. 70, 2017, pp. 1321–1330. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/guo17a.html.
  12. Geifman, Yonatan, and Ran El-Yaniv. “Selective Classification for Deep Neural Networks.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 30, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08500.
  13. Ovadia, Yaniv, et al. “Can You Trust Your Model’s Uncertainty? Evaluating Predictive Uncertainty Under Dataset Shift.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 32, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02530.
  14. Huang, Gary B., Marwan Mattar, Tamara Berg, and Erik Learned-Miller. "Labeled Faces in the Wild: A Database for Studying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments." ECCV Workshop on Faces in Real-Life Images, 2008. https://cs.umass.edu/~elm/papers/Huang_eccv2008-lfw.pdf.
  15. Schroff, Florian, et al.. "FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering" arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.03832, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03832.
  16. Deng, Jiankang, et al.. "ArcFace: Additive Angular Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition" arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.07698, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07698.
  17. Wang, Hao, et al.. "CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognition" arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.09414, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.09414.
  18. Cao, Qiong, et al.. "VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and age" arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.08092, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.08092.
  19. Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Ira, et al.. "The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scale" arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.00596, 2015. https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00596.
  20. Kärkkäinen, Kimmo and Jungseock Joo. "FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Age" arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.04913, 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04913.
  21. Ruiz, Nataniel, et al.. "DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generation" arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.12242, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.12242.
  22. Ye, Hu, et al.. "IP-Adapter: Text Compatible Image Prompt Adapter for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models" arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06721, 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.06721.
  23. Huang, Ziqi, et al.. "VBench: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Video Generative Models" arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.17982, 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.17982.
  24. Caron, Mathilde, et al.. "Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformers" arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.14294, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.14294.
  25. Radford, Alec, et al.. "Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision" arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.00020, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020.
  26. Zhang, Richard, et al.. "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric" arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03924, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03924.
  27. Unterthiner, Thomas, et al.. "Towards Accurate Generative Models of Video: A New Metric & Challenges" arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01717, 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.01717.
  28. Wang, Zhou, Alan C. Bovik, Hamid R. Sheikh, and Eero P. Simoncelli. "Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4, 2004, pp. 600-612. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2003.819861.
  29. Gebru, Timnit, et al.. "Datasheets for datasets" Communications of the ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3458723.
  30. Pedregosa, Fabian, et al. "Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python." Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 12, 2011, pp. 2825-2830. https://jmlr.org/papers/v12/pedregosa11a.html.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-19