Correlated Beliefs for Covariates Observable before Commitment

Authors

  • Robert Brooks Author
  • Robert Armstrong Author
  • Charles Wheeler Author

Abstract

Offline correlated learning can support a covariate-indexed policy only when its context variables are available before action. Validation should preserve that timing and inspect sparse contexts where borrowing drives the choice. Direct local checks test the relationship assumed by the posterior. Retrospectively available predictors can otherwise make an unusable rule appear accurate. This focused synthesis develops an empirical comparison that preserves the terminal action, observation process, and total verification cost. Its proposed tests are prospective; no new simulation run, model-training result, or intervention effect is reported.

References

  1. F. Zhang, S. Gao, and Jie Song, “Offline Contextual Learning with Correlated Bayesian Beliefs,” Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, pp. 2496–2500, 2024.
  2. J. Du, S. Gao, and C.-H. Chen, “Selecting the Optimal System Design under Covariates,” Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, pp. 547–552, 2019.
  3. Kim, Seong-Hee, and Barry L. Nelson. “A Fully Sequential Procedure for Indifference-Zone Selection in Simulation.” ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, vol. 11, no. 3, 2001, pp. 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1145/502109.502111.
  4. Chick, Stephen E., and Koichiro Inoue. “New Two-Stage and Sequential Procedures for Selecting the Best Simulated System.” Operations Research, vol. 49, no. 5, 2001, pp. 732–743. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.49.5.732.10615.
  5. Frazier, Peter I., Warren B. Powell, and Savas Dayanik. “A Knowledge-Gradient Policy for Sequential Information Collection.” SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, vol. 47, no. 5, 2008, pp. 2410–2439. https://doi.org/10.1137/070693424.
  6. Rasmussen, Carl Edward, and Christopher K. I. Williams. Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2006. https://gaussianprocess.org/gpml/.
  7. Sacks, Jerome, William J. Welch, Toby J. Mitchell, and Henry P. Wynn. “Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments.” Statistical Science, vol. 4, no. 4, 1989, pp. 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177012413.
  8. Bertsimas, Dimitris, and Melvyn Sim. “The Price of Robustness.” Operations Research, vol. 52, no. 1, 2004, pp. 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.1030.0065.
  9. Campi, Marco C., and Simone Garatti. “The Exact Feasibility of Randomized Solutions of Uncertain Convex Programs.” SIAM Journal on Optimization, vol. 19, no. 3, 2008, pp. 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1137/07069821X.
  10. Glasserman, Paul. Monte Carlo Methods in Financial Engineering. Springer, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21617-1.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-11

Issue

Section

Articles